{"id":3023,"date":"2021-12-05T10:56:03","date_gmt":"2021-12-05T06:26:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/?post_type=content&p=3023"},"modified":"2021-12-05T10:58:46","modified_gmt":"2021-12-05T06:28:46","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d9%83%d9%88%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%a9\/%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d9%83%d9%88%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631\" font_container=\"tag:h1 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text][page_title]\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629[\/vc_column_text]

\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/div>
\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>[vc_empty_space height=\"3rem\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

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[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"1. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\" font_container=\"tag:h2 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f Goldziher \u0641\u064a 22 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1850 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \"The Tankhoma of Jerusalem\" (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649). ) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f 71 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632 Goldziher \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u06312<\/a> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. 3<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"2. \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\" font_container=\"tag:h2 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 592 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627. 4<\/a> .<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u0623) \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 :`{`\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647=``5```}`\" font_container=\"tag:h3 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"2\" mixed_tag=\"true\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1910 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \"\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u06456<\/a>\" \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 (\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646`{`\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647=``7```}`:\" font_container=\"tag:h3 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"2\" mixed_tag=\"true\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u0635\u0641 Goldziher \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 (\u0635) 8<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u062c) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631`{`\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647=``9```}`\" font_container=\"tag:h3 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"2\" mixed_tag=\"true\"][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 `{`\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647=``10```}`\" font_container=\"tag:h3 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"2\" mixed_tag=\"true\"][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u0647\u0640) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 `{`\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647=``11```}`\" font_container=\"tag:h3 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"2\" mixed_tag=\"true\"][vc_custom_heading text=\"3. \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\" font_container=\"tag:h2 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645): \u0627\u0644\u0641) \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062a\u064a. 12<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0628)\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645. . 13<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u062c) \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. 14<\/a>\u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u062f) \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 - \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629. 15<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0640) \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a Goldziher \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u062f \u200b\u200b\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b16<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\" font_container=\"tag:h2 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0623) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0628) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 Goldziher \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u062717<\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\" \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u062c) \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u060c Dositheus\u060c Theodosius\u060c Berkokbeh\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. 18<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0640) \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 19<\/a> .<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. 20<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\" font_container=\"tag:h2 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text el_class=\"reflist\"]<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u062c1\u0635172.<\/li>\n
  2. Regis Blacher<\/li>\n
  3. \u0631. \u06a9: \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0635 4 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0635 160.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3 \u063541.<\/li>\n
  5. Vorlesungen uber den islam \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n
  6. \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c 1978<\/li>\n
  7. Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung[\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n
  8. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0635 202<\/li>\n
  9. The \u1e92\u0101hir\u012bs. Their Doctrine and their History<\/li>\n
  10. Mohammed and Islam<\/li>\n
  11. Muslim Studies<\/li>\n
  12. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 218.<\/li>\n
  13. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635 85\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 168.<\/li>\n
  14. \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635 218.<\/li>\n
  15. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 376.<\/li>\n
  16. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 218.<\/li>\n
  17. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc\u0646 :198.<\/li>\n
  18. \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c1\u0635 198.<\/li>\n
  19. \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635 20.<\/li>\n
  20. \u0631\u06a9: \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 \u0635 264.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=\"\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\" font_container=\"tag:h2 | text_align:left\" use_theme_fonts=\"yes\" content_level=\"1\"][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c 2009.<\/li>\n
    2. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u060c 2004.<\/li>\n
    3. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1993.<\/li>\n
    4. \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c 2008. 5. \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 1423\u060c \u062c 1\u060c \u0635 172.<\/li>\n
    5. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 1400 \u0647\u0640\u060c \u062c 3\u060c \u0635 41.<\/li>\n
    6. \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f.<\/li>\n
    7. \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c 2004.<\/li>\n
    8. \u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f.<\/li>\n
    9. \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c 1978.<\/li>\n
    10. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a (\u0639\u062c) \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u060c 2000.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00a0\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627 “\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627” \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. . \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 Goldziher \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3023","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","content_letter-452","content_category-484","content_category-482"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/3023","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3023"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/3023\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikimahdaviat.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}